1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives of Formula (I); wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification, to processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them. Formula (I), wherein A represents O or N(R 1 ); Y represents a group of formula, or wherein the left bond is attached to the A group and the right bond is attached to the R group; R represents a substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 10aryl , substituted or unsubstituted hetero-C 5 -C 10 aryl, a group N(R 1 )(R 4 ), or a group N(R 2 )(CHP 3 R 4 ); R represent a hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or CF 3 ; R 2  represents hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or CF 3 ; R 3  represents hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or CF 3 ; R 4  represents a substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 10  aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 10 heteroaryl; in free base or acid addition salt form.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/570,076, filed Dec. 6, 2006, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2005/006566, filed Jun. 17, 2005, which is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/581,020, filed Jun. 18, 2004, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The present invention relates to novel 1-aza-bicycloalkyl derivatives, to processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

More particularly the present invention provides in a first aspect, a compound of formula I

wherein

-   A represents O or N(R¹); -   Y represents a group of formula

-   -   wherein the left bond is attached to the A group and the right         bond is attached to the R group;

-   R represents a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀aryl, substituted     or unsubstituted hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, a group N(R¹)(R⁴), or a group     N(R²)(CHR³R⁴);

-   R¹ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃;

-   R² represents hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃;

-   R³ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃;

-   R⁴ represents a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀aryl or a     substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀heteroaryl;     in free base or acid addition salt form.

The general terms used hereinbefore and hereinafter preferably have within the context of this disclosure the following meanings, unless otherwise indicated:

The term “unsubstituted or substituted” as used herein means that the respective radical can by substituted by one or more, preferably up to three, especially one or two substituents. The substituents are preferably selected from the group consisting of amino, C₁-C₄alkyl amino, di(C₁-C₄alkyl)-amino, C₃-C₅cycloalkyl amino, di(C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl amino, N—C₁-C₄alkyl-N—C₃-C₅cycloalkyl amino, halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₄-C₆cycloalkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₃-C₅cycloalkyloxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy C₁-C₄alkoxy, di(C₁-C₄alkyl)-amino C₁-C₄alkoxy, carbamoyl, N—C₁-C₄alkyl-carbamoyl, N,N-di(C₁-C₄alkyl)-carbamoyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy carbonyl, C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₁-C₄alkanoyloxy, benzoyl, amidino, guanidino, ureido, mercapto, C₁-C₄alkylthio, pyridyl, phenyl, phenoxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy phenyl, phenylthio, phenyl-C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄alkylphenylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄alkenyl, C₁-C₄alkanoyl, C₁-C₄alkylene dioxy bound at adjacent C-atoms of the ring, and C₁-C₄alkyl, which is substituted by halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, nitro, cyano, carboxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy carbonyl, C₁-C₄alkanoyl or C₁-C₄alkanoyloxy.

The terms “C₅-C₁₀aryl”, “C₅-C₁₀heteroaryl” are to be understood as aromatic residues which are in each case unsubstituted or substituted by the substituents provided above, preferably in each case unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen, CN or alkyl, which can be unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, e.g. trifluoromethyl; or C₁-C₄alkoxy, or condensed, e.g. to a benzo[1,3]dioxole or 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine and/or to a further heterocyclic ring. C₅-C₁₀heteroaryl is an aromatic heterocyclic system wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by hetero atoms. Preferred are 5 to 9 membered ring systems containing one, two or three hetero atoms. Examples of C₅-C₁₀aryl or C₅-C₁₀heteroaryl residues as mentioned above include phenyl, naphthyl, isobenzofuranyl, thienyl, indolyl.

The term “alkyl” represents a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group, preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain C₁-C₇alkyl, particularly preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain C₁₋₄alkyl; for example, methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, with particular preference given to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl.

Each alkyl part of “alkoxy”, “alkoxyalkyl”, “alkoxycarbonyl”, “alkoxycarbonylalkyl” and “halogenalkyl” shall have the same meaning as described in the above-mentioned definition of “alkyl”. Alkoxy is especially C₁-C₄alkoxy, in particular methoxy, ethoxy or n-propoxy.

“Hetero atoms” are atoms other than Carbon and Hydrogen, preferably Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O) or Sulfur (S).

“Halogen” represents Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo or Iodo, preferably represents Fluoro, Chloro or Bromo and particularly preferably represents Chloro.

On account of the asymmetrical carbon atom(s) present in the compounds of formula I and their salts, the compounds may exist in optically active form or in form of mixtures of optical isomers, e.g. in form of racemic mixtures. All optical isomers and their mixtures including the racemic mixtures are part of the present invention.

In view of the close relationship between the novel compounds in free form and those in the form of their salts, including those salts that can be used as intermediates, for example in the purification or identification of the novel compounds, any reference to the free compounds hereinbefore and hereinafter is to be understood as referring also to the corresponding salts, as appropriate and expedient.

Where the plural form is used for compounds, salts, and the like, this is taken to mean also a single compound, salt, or the like.

Preferred substituents, preferred ranges of numerical values or preferred ranges of the radicals present in the formula (I) and the corresponding intermediate compounds are defined below. These substituents, preferred ranges of numerical values or preferred ranges are preferred independently, collectively or in any combination or sub-combination:

-   X preferably represents Oxygen. -   Y preferably represents one of the following groups:

-   Y particularly preferably represents the following group:

-   R preferably represents C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is unsubstituted or     substituted by one or more substituents, the substituents selected     from the group consisting of halogen; NO₂; CN; C₁-C₄alkoxy which is     unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; C₁-C₄alkyl which is     unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C₁-C₄alkylC(O)NH,     C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl. -   R preferably represents hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is unsubstituted or     substituted by one or more substituents, the substituents selected     from the group consisting of halogen; C₁-C₂alkoxy; CN or C₁-C₂alkyl     which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen. -   R preferably represents N(R¹)(R⁵) or N(R²)(CHR³R⁴). -   R particularly preferably represents phenyl or substituted phenyl,     the substituents being selected from the group consisting of     chlorine, fluorine, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl,     trifluoromethoxy, cyano, nitro, acetamide, methylsulfonyl. -   R particularly preferably represents unsubstituted or substituted     hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, the hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl selected from the group     consisting of imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl,     thiophenyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, oxazolyl, isocazolyl, thiazolyl,     isothiazolyl, 1-isobenzofuranyl, benzo[1,3]-dioxolyl,     2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]-dioxinyl, benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazolyl,     benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazolyl, chinolinyl, isochinolinyl; the     substituents selected from the group consisting of chlorine,     fluorine, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy,     cyano, nitro, acetamide. -   R¹, R² and R³ preferably represent, independently H, methyl, or CF₃. -   R⁴ preferably represents C₅-C₁₀aryl or hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is     unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents the     substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen,     C₁-C₄alkoxy, CN or C₁-C₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted     by halogen.

In a further aspect, compounds of formula I are preferred, wherein

-   Y is a group of formula

-   R is C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or     more substituents selected from halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, CN or     C₁-C₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen;     hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or     more substituents selected from halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, CN or     C₁-C₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen;     N(R¹)(R⁴) or N(R²)(CHR³R⁴); -   each of R¹, R² and R³ is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃; and -   R⁴ is C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or     more substituents selected from halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, CN or     C₁-C₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; or     hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or     more substituents selected from halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, CN or     C₁-C₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen.

In still a further aspect, compounds of formula I are preferred, wherein

-   Y is a group of formula

and

R is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, CN or C₁-C₂alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen.

In still a further aspect, compounds of formula I are preferred, wherein the starting material of formula (III) is the (−) alcohol.

Particularly preferred compounds of the invention are the compounds of the Examples.

In a further aspect, the present invention also provides a process for the production of a compound of formula I, which process comprises the step of reacting a compound of formula II Z—Y—R  (II) wherein Y and R are as defined above for a compound of formula I and Z is a leaving group, e.g. F, Cl, Br, I or OSO₂CF₃, with a compound of formula III

wherein A has the meaning as defined for a compound of formula I, and recovering the so obtained compound of formula I in free base or acid addition salt form.

The reaction may be carried out in accordance with standard procedures, for example as illustrated in the Examples.

Compounds of formula II are known or may be prepared from corresponding known compounds, e.g. as described in the Examples, e.g. in analogy to Coates W J, McKillop A (1992) Synthesis 334-342. The compounds of formula III are known (H. Stenbach, S. Kaiser (1952) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 74, 2219; F. D. King et al (1993) J. Med. Chem. 36, 683). Furthermore, the compound of formula III wherein A is O can also be transferred into a compound, wherein A is NR¹ by methods known in the art, e.g. a process wherein the alcohol is first transferred into an alkyloxyphosphonium perchlorate as described in Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 4368 (1971).

Alternatively, the compounds of formula I′

wherein

R is defined as above for a compound of formula I and Y′ is

can be produced by a process comprising the step of

reacting a compound of formula IV

wherein Y′ is as defined above for a compound of formula I′ and Z′ represents a leaving group,

with a compound of formula V

wherein R is as defined above for a compound of formula I, optionally in the presence of a reaction auxiliary, e.g. a palladium catalyst,

and recovering the so obtained compound of formula I′ in free base or acid addition salt form.

Compounds of formula IV are known or may be prepared from corresponding known compounds, e.g. by reacting compounds of formula III with compounds of formula II′; Z—Y′—OH  (II′); wherein Y′ represents one of the following groups

and Z is as described above.

Compounds of formula V (e.g. unsubstituted or substituted phenylboronic acids) are known or may be prepared from corresponding known compounds.

The following considerations apply to the individual reaction steps described above:

-   a) One or more functional groups, for example carboxy, hydroxy,     amino, or mercapto, may need to be protected in the starting     materials by protecting groups. The protecting groups employed may     already be present in precursors and should protect the functional     groups concerned against unwanted secondary reactions, such as     acylations, etherifications, esterifications, oxidations,     solvolysis, and similar reactions. It is a characteristic of     protecting groups that they lend themselves readily, i.e. without     undesired secondary reactions, to removal, typically by solvolysis,     reduction, photolysis or also by enzyme activity, for example under     conditions analogous to physiological conditions, and that they are     not present in the end-products. The specialist knows, or can easily     establish, which protecting groups are suitable with the reactions     mentioned hereinabove and hereinafter. The protection of such     functional groups by such protecting groups, the protecting groups     themselves, and their removal reactions are described for example in     standard reference works, such as J. F. W. McOmie, “Protective     Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, London and New York     1973, in T. W. Greene, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”,     Wiley, New York 1981, in “The Peptides”; Volume 3 (editors: E. Gross     and J. Meienhofer), Academic Press, London and New York 1981, in     “Methoden der organischen Chemie” (Methods of organic chemistry),     Houben Weyl, 4th edition, Volume 15/I, Georg Thieme Verlag,     Stuttgart 1974, in H.-D. Jakubke and H. Jescheit, “Aminosäuren,     Peptide, Proteine” (Amino acids, peptides, proteins), Verlag Chemie,     Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, and Basel 1982, and in Jochen Lehmann,     “Chemie der Kohlenhydrate: Monosaccharide und Derivate” (Chemistry     of carbohydrates: monosaccharides and derivatives), Georg Thieme     Verlag, Stuttgart 1974. -   b) Acid addition salts may be produced from the free bases in known     manner, and vice-versa. Alternatively, optically pure starting     materials can be used. Suitable acid addition salts for use in     accordance with the present invention include for example the     hydrochloride. -   c) Stereoisomeric mixtures, e.g. mixtures of diastereomers, can be     separated into their corresponding isomers in a manner known per se     by means of suitable separation methods. Diastereomeric mixtures for     example may be separated into their individual diastereomers by     means of fractionated crystallization, chromatography, solvent     distribution, and similar procedures. This separation may take place     either at the level of a starting compound or in a compound of     formula I itself. Enantiomers may be separated through the formation     of diastereomeric salts, for example by salt formation with an     enantiomer-pure chiral acid, or by means of chromatography, for     example by HPLC, using chromatographic substrates with chiral     ligands. Alternatively, optically pure starting materials can be     used. -   d) Suitable diluents for carrying out the above-described are     especially inert organic solvents. These include, in particular,     aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic, optionally halogenated     hydrocarbons, such as, for example, benzine, benzene, toluene,     xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, petroleum ether, hexane,     cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride;     ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dioxane,     tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether or ethylene glycol     diethyl ether; ketones, such as acetone, butanone or methyl isobutyl     ketone; nitriles, such as acetonitrile propionitrile or     butyronitrile; amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide,     N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-formanilide, N-methyl-pyrrolidone or     hexamethylphosphoric triamide; esters, such as methyl acetate or     ethyl acetate, sulphoxides, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, alcohols,     such as methanol, ethanol, n- or i-propanol, ethylene glycol     monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethyelene     glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. Further,     mixtures of diluents may be employed. Depending on the starting     materials, reaction conditions and auxiliaries, water or diluents     containing water may be suitable. It is also possible to use one a     starting material as diluent simultaneously. -   e) Reaction temperatures can be varied within a relatively wide     range. In general, the processes are carried out at temperatures     between 0° C. and 150° C., preferably between 10° C. and 120° C.     Deprotonation reactions can be varied within a relatively wide     range. In general, the processes are carried out at temperatures     between −150° C. and +50° C., preferably between −75° C. and 0° C. -   f) The reactions are generally carried out under atmospheric     pressure. However, it is also possible to carry out the processes     according to the invention under elevated or reduced pressure—in     general between 0.1 bar and 10 bar. -   g) Starting materials are generally employed in approximately     equimolar amounts. However, it is also possible to use a relatively     large excess of one of the components. The reaction is generally     carried out in a suitable diluent in the presence of a reaction     auxiliary, and the reaction mixture is generally stirred at the     required temperature for a number of hours. -   h) Working up the reaction mixtures according to the above processes     and purification of the compounds thus obtained may be carried out     in accordance to known procedures (cf. the Preparation Examples).

The compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, hereinafter referred to as compounds of the invention, exhibit valuable pharmacological properties when tested in vitro and in animals, and are therefore useful as pharmaceuticals.

Thus, the compounds of the invention are found to be cholinergic ligands of the nAChR. In addition preferred compounds of the invention show selective α7-nAChR activity. The compounds of the present invention may in particular be found to be agonists, partial agonists, antagonists or allosteric modulators of the receptor.

Due to their pharmacological profiles, compounds of the invention are anticipated to be useful for the treatment of diseases or conditions as diverse as CNS related diseases, PNS related diseases, diseases related to inflammation, pain and withdrawal symptoms caused by an abuse of chemical substances, diseases or disorders related to the CNS include general anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, learning and memory deficits and dysfunctions, Alzheimer's disease, ADHD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS, prionic neuro-degenerative disorders such as Creutzfeld-Jacob disease and kuru disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, psychosis, depression and depressive disorders, mania, manic depression, schizophrenia, the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorders, panic disorders, eating disorders, narcolepsy, nociception, AIDS-dementia, senile dementia, mild cognitive dysfunctions related to age, autism, dyslexia, tardive dyskinesia, epilepsy, and convulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, transient anoxia, pseudodementia, pre-menstrual syndrome, late luteal phase syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome and jet lag. Furthermore, compounds of the invention may be useful for the treatment of endocrine disorders, such as thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma, hypertension and arrhythmias as well as angina pectoris, hyperkinesia, premature ejaculation and erectile difficulty. Still further, compounds of the invention may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disorders (Wang et al., Nature 2003, 421, 384), disorders or conditions including inflammatory skin disorders, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and diarrhoea. Compounds of the invention may further be useful for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms caused by termination of the use of addictive substances, like tobacco, nicotine, opioids, benzodiazepines and alcohol. Finally, compounds of the invention may be useful for the treatment of pain, e.g. caused by migraine, postoperative pain, phantom limb pain or pain associated with cancer. The pain may comprise inflammatory or neuropathic pain, central pain, chronic headache, pain related to diabetic neuropathy, to post therapeutic neuralgia or to peripheral nerve injury.

Furthermore, degenerative ocular disorders which may be treated include ocular diseases which may directly or indirectly involve the degeneration of retinal cells, including ischemic retinopathies in general, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, all forms of optic neuritis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in its dry forms (dry AMD) and wet forms (wet AMD), diabetic retinopathy, cystoid macular edema (CME), retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's disease, Best's vitelliform retinal degeneration, Leber's congenital amaurosis and other hereditary retinal degenerations, pathologic myopia, retinopathy of prematurity, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy,

In another aspect, the compounds of the invention are used as diagnostic agents and/or PET ligands, e.g. for the identification and localization of nicotine receptors in various tissues. Properly isotope-labeled agents of the invention exhibit valuable properties as histopathological labeling agents, imaging agents and/or biomarkers, hereinafter “markers”, for the selective labeling of the nAChR. More particularly the agents of the invention are useful as markers for labeling the alpha7 nAChR receptors in vitro or in vivo. In particular, compounds of the invention which are properly isotopically labeled are useful as PET markers. Such PET markers are labeled with one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of ¹¹C, ¹³N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁸F.

The agents of the invention are therefore useful, for instance, for determining the levels of receptor occupancy of a drug acting at the nAChR, or diagnostic purposes for diseases resulting from an imbalance or dysfunction of nAChR, and for monitoring the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies of such diseases.

In accordance with the above, the present invention provides an agent of the invention for use as a marker for neuroimaging.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a composition for labeling brain and peripheral nervous system structures involving nAChR in vivo and in vitro comprising an agent of the invention.

In still a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for labeling brain and peripheral nervous system structures involving nAChR in vitro or in vivo, which comprises contacting brain tissue with an agent of the invention.

The method of the invention may comprise a further step aimed at determining whether the agent of the invention labeled the target structure. Said further step may be effected by observing the target structure using positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or any device allowing detection of radioactive radiations.

In particular, the agents of the invention are α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonists.

In functional assays, the agents of the invention display high affinity at the α7 nAChR as shown in the following tests:

-   a) A functional assay for affinity at the α7 nAChR is carried out     with a rat pituitary cell line stably expressing the α7 nAChR.     Briefly, GH3 cells recombinantly expressing the nAChR α7 were seeded     72 h prior to the experiment on black 96-well plates and incubated     at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO₂/95% air). On the day of     the experiment medium was removed by flicking the plates and     replaced with 100 μl growth medium containing of fluorescent calcium     sensitive dye, in the presence of 2.5 mM probenicid (Sigma). The     cells were incubated at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere (5%     CO₂/95% air) for 1 h. Plates were flicked to remove excess of     Fluo-4, washed twice with Hepes-buffered salt solution (in mM: NaCl     130, KCl 5.4, CaCl₂ 2, MgSO₄ 0.8, NaH₂PO₄ 0.9, glucose 25, Hepes 20,     pH 7.4; HBS) and refilled with 100 μl of HBS containing antagonists     when appropriate. The incubation in the presence of the antagonist     lasted between 3 and 5 minutes. Plates were then placed into an     imaging plate reader and fluorescence signal recorded In this assay,     compounds of the invention exhibit pEC₅₀ values of about 5 to     about 9. Partial and potent agonists in this test are preferred. -   b) To assess the antagonist activity of the compounds of the     invention on the human neuronal nAChR α4β2, a similar functional     assay is carried out using a human epithelial cell line stably     expressing the human α4β2 subtype (Michelmore et al.,     Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. (2002) 366, 235) In this     assay, the preferred compounds of the invention show selectivity for     the α7 nAChR subtypes. -   c) To assess the antagonist activity of the compounds of the     invention on the “ganglionic subtype” (α3β4), the muscle type of     nicotinic receptor (α1β1γδ) and the 5-HT₃ receptor, similar     functional tests as just described under a) are carried out with a     human epithelial cell line stably expressing the human ganglionic     subtype, a cell line endogenously expressing the human muscle type     of nicotinic receptors or a cell line endogenously expressing the     murine 5-HT₃ receptor (Michelmore et al., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's     Arch. Pharmacol. (2002) 366, 235. Compounds which display little or     no activity on the α3β4 nAChR, the muscle subtype of nicotinic     receptor as well as the 5-HT₃ receptor are especially preferred.

In the model of mice showing sensory gating deficit (DBA/2-mice) described by S. Leonard et al. in Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 431-445 (1996), the compounds of the invention induce significant sensory gating at concentrations of about 10 to about 40 μM.

The compounds of the invention may be shown to increase attention in a test of attention for rodents (Robbins, J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. (2001) 13, 326-35), namely the 5-choice serial reaction time test (5-CSRTT). In this test, the rat must observe a wall containing 5 holes. When a light flash appears in one of them, the rat must respond with a nose-poke into the correct hole within 5 sec. in order to receive a food pellet reward, delivered to a feeder in the opposite wall.

Compounds of the invention may also show learning/memory enhancing effects in the social recognition test in mice and rats (Ennaceur and Delacour, Behay. Brain Res. (1988) 31, 47-59).

The compounds of the invention are therefore useful for the prevention and treatment (including mitigation and prevention) of various disorders, especially those mentioned above. The usefulness of α7 nAChR agonists in neurodegeneration is documented in the literature, e.g. in Wang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5626-5632 (2000).

For the treatment of the above and other disorders, the appropriate dosage of a compound (active ingredient) of the invention will, of course, vary depending upon, for example, the host, the mode of administration and the nature and severity of the condition being treated as well as the relative potency of the particular agent of the invention employed. For example, the amount of active agent required may be determined on the basis of known in vitro and in vivo techniques, determining how long a particular active agent concentration in the blood plasma remains at an acceptable level for a therapeutic effect. In general, satisfactory results in animals are indicated to be obtained at daily dosages of from about 0.01 to about 30.0 mg/kg p.o. In humans, an indicated daily dosage is in the range of from about 0.7 to about 1400 mg/day p.o., e.g. from about 50 to 200 mg (70 kg man), conveniently administered once or in divided doses up to 4× per day or in sustained release form. Oral dosage forms accordingly suitably comprise from about 1.75 or 2.0 to about 700 or 1400 mg of a compound of the invention admixed with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefor.

Pharmaceutical compositions contain, for example, from about 0.1% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 20% to about 60%, of the active ingredient(s).

Examples for compositions comprising a compound of the invention include, for example, a solid dispersion, an aqueous solution, e.g. containing a solubilising agent, a microemulsion and a suspension of, e.g. a salt of a compound of formula I or a free compound of the formula I in the range of from 0.1 to 1%, e.g. 0.5%. The composition may be buffered to a pH in the range of, e.g. from 3.5 to 9.5, e.g. to pH 4.5, by a suitable buffer.

The compounds of the invention are also commercially useful as research chemicals.

For use according to the invention, a compound of the formula I and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered as single active agent or in combination with one or more other active agents of the formula I and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or especially other active agents commonly employed especially for the treatment of the disorders mentioned herein or further other disorders, in any customary manner, e.g. orally, for example in the form of tablets, capsules, or as nasal spray, or parenterally, for example in the form of injection solutions or suspensions. The other active agents employed in such combinations are preferably selected from the group consisting of benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), conventional antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, buspirone, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin and pregabalin.

An SSRI suitable for the present invention is especially selected from fluoxetine, fuvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram and escitalopram. An SNRI suitable for the present invention is especially selected from venlafaxine and duloxetine. The term “benzodiazepines” as used herein includes, but is not limited to clonazepam, diazepam and lorazepam. The term “conventional antipsychotics” as used herein includes, but is not limited to haloperidol, fluphenazine, thiotixene and flupentixol. The term “atypical antipsychotics” as used herein relates to clozaril, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone and aripiprazol.

Buspirone can be administered in free form or as a salt, e.g. as its hydrochloride, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Buspar™ or Bespar™. It can be prepared and administered, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,634. Fluoxetine can be administered, e.g., in the form of its hydrochloride as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Prozac™. It can be prepared and administered, e.g., as described in CA 2002182. Paroxetine ((3S,4R)-3-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine) can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Paxil™. It can be prepared and administered, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,743. Sertraline can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Zoloft™. It can be prepared and administered, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,518. Clonazepam can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Antelepsin™. Diazepam can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Diazepam Desitin™. Lorazepam can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Tavor™. Citalopram can be administered in free form or as a salt, e.g. as its hydrobromide, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Cipramil™. Escitalopram can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Cipralex™. It can be prepared and administered, e.g., as described in AU623144. Venlafaxine can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Trevilor™. Duloxetine can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Cymbalta™. It may be prepared and administered, e.g., as described in CA 1302421. Carbamazepine can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Tegretal™ or Tegretol™. Oxcarbazepine can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Trileptal™. Oxcarbazepine is well known from the literature [see for example Schuetz H. et al., Xenobiotica (GB), 16(8), 769-778 (1986)]. Gabapentin can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Neurontin™. Haloperidol can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Haloperidol STADA™. Fluphenazine can be administered; e.g., in the form of its dihydrochloride as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Prolixin™. Thiothixene can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Navane™. It can be prepared, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,310,553. Flupentixol can be administered for instance in the form of its dihydrochloride, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Emergil™ or in the form of its decanoate, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Depixol™. It can be prepared, e.g., as described in BP 925, 538. Clozaril can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Leponex™. It can be prepared, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,539,573. Risperidone can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Risperdal™. Olanzapine can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Zyprexa™. Quetiapine can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Seroquel™. Ziprasidone can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Geodon™. It can be prepared, e.g., as described in GB 281,309. Aripiprazole can be administered, e.g., in the form as marketed, e.g. under the trademark Abilify™. It can be prepared, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,528.

The structure of the active ingredients identified by code nos., generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium “The Merck Index” or from databases, e.g. Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications). The corresponding content thereof is hereby incorporated by reference. Any person skilled in the art is fully enabled to identify the active ingredients and, based on these references, likewise enabled to manufacture and test the pharmaceutical indications and properties in standard test models, both in vitro and in vivo.

In the case of a combination, the pharmaceutical compositions for separate administration of the combination partners and/or those for administration in a fixed combination, i.e. a single galenical composition comprising at least two combination partners, according to the inventtion can be prepared in a manner known per se and are those suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, and parenteral administration to mammals, including man, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one pharmacologically active combination partner alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, especially suitable for enteral or parenteral application. When the combination partners employed are applied in the form as marketed as single drugs, their dosage and mode of administration can take place in accordance with the information provided on the packet leaflet of the respective marketed drug in order to result in the beneficial effect described herein, if not mentioned herein otherwise.

Pharmaceutical preparations for the combination therapy for enteral or parenteral administration are, for example, those in unit dosage forms, such as sugar-coated tablets, tablets, capsules or suppositories, or furthermore ampoules. If not indicated otherwise, these are prepared in a manner known per se, for example by means of conventional mixing, granulating, sugar-coating, dissolving or lyophilizing processes. It will be appreciated that the unit content of a combination partner contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute an effective amount since the necessary effective amount can instead with a single dosage unit also be reached by administration of a two or more dosage units.

In particular, a therapeutically effective amount of each of the combination partners may be administered simultaneously or sequentially and in any order, and the components may be administered separately (e.g. sequentially after fixed or variable periods of time), or as a fixed combination. For example, the method of treatment (including mitigation) of a disorder according to the invention may comprise (i) administration of the combination partner (a) (a compound of the present invention) in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form and (ii) administration of a combination partner (b) (e.g. a different compound of the present invention or an active ingredient of a different formula) in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, simultaneously or sequentially in any order, in jointly therapeutically effective amounts, preferably in synergistically effective amounts, e.g. in daily dosages corresponding to the amounts described herein. The individual combination partners can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms. Furthermore, the term “administering” also encompasses the use of a pro-drug of a combination partner that convert in vivo to the combination partner as such. The instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous and/or alternating treatment and the term “administering” is to be interpreted accordingly.

The effective dosage of the combination partners employed may vary, for example depending on the particular compound or pharmaceutical composition employed, the mode of administration, the disorder being treated, and/or the severity of the disorder being treated. Thus, the dosage regimen is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including the route of administration, metabolism by and the renal and hepatic function of the patient. A physician, clinician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the single active ingredients required to prevent, mitigate, counter or arrest the disorder. Optimal precision in achieving concentration of the active ingredients within the range that yields efficacy without toxicity requires a regimen based on the kinetics of the active ingredients' availability to target sites.

In accordance with the foregoing, the present invention also provides:

-   (1) A compound of the formula I, and/or a salt thereof, for use in     the diagnostic or therapeutic treatment of a mammal, especially a     human; especially for use as an alpha-7 receptor agonist, for     example for use in the treatment (including mitigation) of any one     or more disorders, especially of any one or more of the particular     disorders set forth hereinbefore and hereinafter. -   (2) A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the     formula I, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as     active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable     diluent or carrier. -   (2′) A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of     a disorder in the treatment of which alpha-7 receptor activation     plays a role or is involved and/or in which alpha-7 receptor     activity is involved, especially any one or more of the disorders     mentioned hereinbefore or hereinafter, comprising a compound of the     formula I, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a     pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. -   (3) A method for the treatment of a disorder, especially any one or     more of the particular disorders set forth hereinbefore, in a     subject in need of such treatment, comprising administering a     pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the formula I, or     a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. -   (3′) A method for treating or preventing a disorder in the treatment     of which alpha-7 receptor activation plays a role or is involved     and/or in which alpha-7 receptor activity is involved, comprising     administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically     effective amount of a compound of the formula I, and/or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. -   (4) The use of a compound of the formula I, and/or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a     medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition     in the treatment of which alpha-7 receptor activation plays a role     or is involved and/or in which alpha-7 receptor activity is     involved, especially one or more of the disorders mentioned above. -   (5) A method as defined above comprising co-administration, e.g.     concomitantly or in sequence, of a therapeutically effective amount     of an alpha-7 agonist of the formula I, and/or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, and a second pharmaceutically active     compound and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said     second pharmaceutically active compound and/or salt thereof being     especially for use in the treatment of any one or more of the     disorders set forth hereinbefore or hereinafter. -   (6) A combination comprising a therapeutically effective amount of     an alpha-7 agonist of the formula I, and/or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, and a second pharmaceutically active     compound and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said     second pharmaceutically active compound being especially for use or     of use in the treatment of any one or more of the particular     disorders set forth hereinbefore. -   (7) A product obtained according to the above described process,     characterized in that (−)-1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-4-ol is used as     starting material.

The Examples which follow serve to illustrate the invention without limiting the scope thereof.

The following abbreviations are used:

AcOEt ethyl acetate aq. aqueous DEAD diethylazodicarboxylate DMF dimethylformamide EtOH ethanol FC flash chromatography HV high vacuum MeOH MeOH RP-HPLC reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography rt room temperature rac. racemate soln. solution TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran

Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius. Unless indicated otherwise, reactions are carried out at room temperature. The structure of final products, intermediates and starting materials is confirmed by standard analytical methods, e.g. microanalysis and spectroscopic characteristics (e.g. MS, IR, NMR).

EXAMPLE 1 Method A Preparation of (rac.)-4-[6-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

A solution of (rac.)-1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-4-ol (1.3 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) is treated with sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil; 1.3 mmol). After 1 hr at room temperature, a solution of 3-Chloro-6-(2-fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazine (1 mmol) in DMF (30 ml) is added, and the reaction mixture heated to 50 deg. for 16 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, the DMF solution is quenched with a 10% NaCl solution, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 ml), followed by sodium chloride solution (20 ml). The ethyl acetate is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness, and the residual oil purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate-methanol-triethylamine (50:10:2) to afford (rac.)-4-[(6-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane as a colourless solid. MS (ES⁺): m/e=328 (MH⁺)

EXAMPLE 2 Method B (rac.)-4-[6-(2,5-Difluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

Potassium trimethylsilylamine (5.25 mmol) is added to a solution of (rac.)-1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-4-ol (5.0 mmol) in THF (20 ml) at room temperature and the solution is stirred for 30 min. The resulting potassium alcoholate is slowly added to a precooled solution of 3,6-dichloropyridazine (7.5 mmol) in THF (50 ml) and the resulting mixture is stirred for another 20 minutes. The solution is allowed to warm to 0° C. is quenched with brine and extracted with diethylether. The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The brown oil is purified by silica gel column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:NH₃, 9:1:0.1) to afford (rac.)-4-(6-Chloro-pyridazin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (320 mg).

(Rac.)-4-(6-Chloro-pyridazin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (1.4 mmol), 2,5-Difluoro-4-methyl-phenyl-boronic acid (1.8 mmol) are dissolved in toluene (7.3 ml), ethanol 1 ml) and a Na₂CO₃ solution (7.3 ml, 2M). The solution is degassed with argon in a ultrasound bath after which Palladium (II) acetate (0.003 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.14 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture is heated at 100° C. for 1.5 hours after which the heating is stopped and the suspension is filtered over Hyflo and the filtrate is extracted with ethylacetate. The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The oil is purified by silica gel column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:EtOH:NH₃, 90:5:5:1) to afford (rac.)-4-[(6-(2,5-Difluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane. MS (ES⁺): m/e=346 (MH⁺)

EXAMPLE 3

The following compounds are prepared using either method A or B using appropriate starting materials:

-   3a)     (4S,5S)-4-[6-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=328 (MH⁺) -   3b)     (4R,5R)-4-[6-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=328 (MH⁺) -   3c)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(2,5-Difluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo     [3.3.1]nonane, MS (ES⁺): m/e=346 (MH⁺) -   3d)     N-(3-{6-[(4S,5S)-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yl)oxy]-pyridazin-3-yl}-phenyl)-acetamide,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=353 (MH⁺) -   3e)     N-(3-{6-[(4R,5R)-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yl)oxy]-pyridazin-3-yl}-phenyl)-acetamide,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=353 (MH⁺) -   3f)     N-(3-{6-[(4SR,5SR)-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yl)oxy]-pyridazin-3-yl}-phenyl)-acetamide,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=353 (MH⁺), Chiral chromatography: [column: Chiralcel     OD IMMOB (FA-2359/37) 12 μm; Eluent: hexane/CHCl₃/MeOH 60:30:10 1     0.1% TFA; Flow: 1.5 ml/min.; Detector: UV 254 nm], peak 1: 15.470     min., peak 2: 20.826 min. -   3g)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=334.1 (MH⁺) -   3h)     (4S,5S)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=334 (MH⁺), m.p. 234-238° C. -   3i)     (4R,5R)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3j)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=335 (MH⁺), m.p. 211° C. dec -   3k)     (4S,5S)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=335 (MH⁺) -   3l)     (4R,5R)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3m)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=335 (MH⁺) -   3n)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3-Nitro-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=341 (MH⁺) -   3o)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(6-p-Tolyl-pyridazin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=310 (MH⁺) -   3p)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(6-m-Tolyl-pyridazin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=310 (MH⁺) -   3q)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(6-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-pyridazin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=340 (MH⁺) -   3r)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=324.5 (MH⁺) -   3s)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(6-p-Tolyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=309 (MH⁺) -   3t)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=314 (MH⁺) -   3u)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=332 (MH⁺) -   3v)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(5-Phenyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=302 (MH⁺) -   3w)     (4SR,5SR)-5-[6-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yloxy)-pyridazin-3-yl]-quinoline,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=347 (MH⁺) -   3x)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3,5-Dimethyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=324 (MH⁺) 3z)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(6-Phenyl-pyridazin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=296 (MH⁺) -   3aa)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=332 (MH⁺) -   3ab)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3-Trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=380 (MH⁺) -   3ac)     (4SR,5SR)-3-[6-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yloxy)-pyridazin-3-yl]-benzonitrile,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=321 (MH⁺) -   3ad)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(4-Thfluoromethoxy-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=380 (MH⁺) -   3ae)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=328 (MH⁺) -   3af)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=332 (MH⁺) -   3ag)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(2-Methyl-benzothiazol-5-yl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=367.4 (MH⁺) -   3ah)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yloxy)-pyridazin-3-yl]-benzonitrile,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=321 (MH⁺) -   3ai)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(4-Fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=328 (MH⁺) -   3aj)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=324 (MH⁺) -   3ak)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=364 (MH⁺) -   3al)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=364 (MH⁺) -   3 am)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=432 (MH⁺) -   3an)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(5-Methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=316.4 (MH⁺) -   3ao)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=334.4 (MH⁺) -   3ap)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(2,3-Dimethyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-pyridazin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=363.4 (MH⁺) -   3aq)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(5-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3ar)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(5-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-pyridin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3 as)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(6-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3 at)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyrimidin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3au)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3av)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(2-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3aw)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(5-p-Tolyl-pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3ay)     (4SR,5SR)-4-(5-p-Tolyl-pyridin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3az)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(5-Methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-pyrimidin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3ba) 4SR,5SR)-4-[5-(5-Methyl-thiophen-2-yl     )-pyridin-2-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3bb)     (4SR,5SR)-4-[6-(5-Methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-1-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane -   3bc)     (4SR,5SR)-(1-Aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-4-yl)-(6-p-tolyl-pyridin-3-yl)amine,     MS (ES⁺): m/e=308 (MH⁺)

EXAMPLE 4 Soft Capsules

5000 soft gelatin capsules, each comprising as active ingredient 0.05 g of one of the compounds of formula I mentioned in the preceding Examples, are prepared as follows:

Composition

Active ingredient 250 g Lauroglycol  2 litres

Preparation process: The pulverized active ingredient is suspended in Lauroglykol® (propy-lene glycol laurate, Gattefossé S.A., Saint Priest, France) and ground in a wet pulverizer to produce a particle size of about 1 to 3 μm. 0.419 g portions of the mixture are then introduced into soft gelatin capsules using a capsule-filling machine. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula I

wherein A represents N(R¹); Y represents a group of formula

wherein the left bond is attached to the A group and the right bond is attached to the R group; R represents an unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, an unsubstituted hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl, a group N(R¹)(R⁴), or a group N(R²)(CHR³R⁴); R¹ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃; R² represents hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃; R³ represents hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or CF₃; R⁴ represents an unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, or an unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀heteroaryl; in free base or acid addition salt form.
 2. A compound of formula I according to claim 1 wherein Y represents the following group


3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt form, in association with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.
 4. A compound of formula I according to claim 1 wherein the unsubstituted hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl of R and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of isobenzofuranyl, thienyl, and indolyl.
 5. A compound of formula I according to claim 2 wherein the unsubstituted hetero-C₅-C₁₀aryl of R and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of isobenzofuranyl, thienyl, and indolyl.
 6. A combination comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second pharmaceutically active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 